The Bugis tribe originates from South
Sulawesi. The Malay and Minangkabau immigrants, who migrated to Sulawesi since
the 15th century to become administrators and traders in the kingdom of Gowa
and have been acculturated, are also categorized as Bugis.
Based on the 2000 population census, there are approximately six million Bugis people living in Indonesia. Now the Bugis people are not only living in South Sulawesi, but have spread to all provinces in Indonesia and even around the world.
HISTORY
At the beginning
The Bugis is classified into Deutero Malay tribes who entered the archipelago after the first wave of migration from mainland Asia, precisely Yunnan.
Based on the 2000 population census, there are approximately six million Bugis people living in Indonesia. Now the Bugis people are not only living in South Sulawesi, but have spread to all provinces in Indonesia and even around the world.
HISTORY
At the beginning
The Bugis is classified into Deutero Malay tribes who entered the archipelago after the first wave of migration from mainland Asia, precisely Yunnan.
The word "Bugis" comes from the word To Ugi, which means the Bugis person. The naming "Ugi" refers to the first king of the Cina kingdom located in Pammana (Wajo district today) called La Sattumpugi. People of La Sattumpugi called themselves Ugi to show that they are the followers or the people of La Sattumpugi.
La Sattumpugi is the father of We Cudai. He is the brother of Batara Lattu who is the father of Sawerigading. We Cudai and Sawerigading were married and had several children. One of their children is La Galigo, an author of the greatest literature in the world who produced literature works containing about 9000 pages. Sawerigading Opunna Ware (Yang dipertuan di Ware) is a story about the Bugis community tradition that is written in the literature of I La Galigo. The story of Sawerigading is also known in the tradition of Luwu community, Kaili, Gorontalo and some other tribes that exist in Sulawesi, such as the Buton.
Development
Over time, the Bugis community grew and formed kingdoms. They managed to develop their own culture, language, script, and government. Some of the classic Bugis kingdoms are Luwu, Bone, Wajo, Soppeng, Suppa, Sawitto, Sidenreng and Rappang. This process of royal marriage between kingdoms led to blood ties with the Makassar and Mandar.
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| Bugis alphabets |
Luwu kingdom is considered the oldest kingdom, as
well as the Cina kingdom (which later became Pammana), Mario (which later
became part of Soppeng) and Siang (an area in Pangkajene Kepulauan).
Currently the Bugis people in South Sulawesi are spread in several districts such as Luwu, Bone, Wajo, Soppeng, Sidrap, Pinrang, and Barru. The border area between the Bugis and Makassar is Bulukumba, Sinjai, Maros, and Pangkajene Kepulauan. The border area between the Bugis and Mandar is Polmas and Pinrang District.
THE KINGDOM
Currently the Bugis people in South Sulawesi are spread in several districts such as Luwu, Bone, Wajo, Soppeng, Sidrap, Pinrang, and Barru. The border area between the Bugis and Makassar is Bulukumba, Sinjai, Maros, and Pangkajene Kepulauan. The border area between the Bugis and Mandar is Polmas and Pinrang District.
THE KINGDOM
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| Map of South Sulawesi |
The
Kingdom of Bone
At a time when there was chaos in Bone for seven generations, out of nowhere appeared a To Manurung known as Manurungnge ri Matajang. Seven kings of small kingdoms in the Bone area inaugurated the Manurungnge ri Matajang to become their king and gave him the title Arumpone. The seven kings then became the legislative council which later became known as the Ade 'Pitue. Manurungnge ri Matajang was also known as Mata Silompoe.
The Ade 'Pitue itself consists of Matoa Ta, Matoa Tibojong, Matoa Tanete Riattang, Matoa Tanete Riawang, Matoa Macege, Matoa Ponceng. The Matoa term was later changed to Arung.
After Manurungnge ri Matajang, the Bone kingdom was led by his son who called La Ummasa 'Petta Panre Bessie, then followed by the nephew of La Ummasa' who the son of La Ummasa’s brother who married the Palakka king and gave birth to La Saliyu Kerrempelua. During the reign of this third Arumpone, the Bone kingdom was massively expanding its territory to the north, south and west.
The Kingdom of Gowa
At a time when there was chaos in Bone for seven generations, out of nowhere appeared a To Manurung known as Manurungnge ri Matajang. Seven kings of small kingdoms in the Bone area inaugurated the Manurungnge ri Matajang to become their king and gave him the title Arumpone. The seven kings then became the legislative council which later became known as the Ade 'Pitue. Manurungnge ri Matajang was also known as Mata Silompoe.
The Ade 'Pitue itself consists of Matoa Ta, Matoa Tibojong, Matoa Tanete Riattang, Matoa Tanete Riawang, Matoa Macege, Matoa Ponceng. The Matoa term was later changed to Arung.
After Manurungnge ri Matajang, the Bone kingdom was led by his son who called La Ummasa 'Petta Panre Bessie, then followed by the nephew of La Ummasa' who the son of La Ummasa’s brother who married the Palakka king and gave birth to La Saliyu Kerrempelua. During the reign of this third Arumpone, the Bone kingdom was massively expanding its territory to the north, south and west.
The Kingdom of Gowa
In the 12th, 13th, and 14th century,
the kingdom of Gowa, Soppeng, Bone, and Wajo rose. It emerges out of social crisis that was
happening in the society where people prey on each other like a fish. The
kingdom of Gowa then built a royal companion, named the kingdom Tallo. But in
the progress, the twin kingdoms (Gowa and Tallo) finally re-united and became
the kingdom of Gowa.
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| The King's Palace in Gowa called "Balla Lompoa" |
The
Kingdom of Soppeng
At a time when there was chaos in Soppeng, appeared two To Manurung. The first person was a woman known by the name Manurungnge ri Goarie who then ruled Soppeng ri Aja. The second person was a man called La Temmamala Manurungnge ri Sekkanyili who then ruled Soppeng ri Lau. In the end the two kingdoms were united and became the kingdom of Soppeng.
The Kingdom of Wajo
Wajo kingdom rose from the communes that came from different directions, which gathered around the lake of Lampulungeng. The communes were led by someone who had a supernatural ability called Puangnge ri Lampulung. After his passing, the commune moved to Boli and led by someone who also had supernatural abilities.
Some time after, came a prince from the kingdom of Cina (Pammana) called Lapaukke who built the kingdom of Cinnotabi. But after five generations, this kingdom collapsed. Cinnotabi kings were: La Paukke Arung Cinnotabi I, We Panangngareng Arung Cinnotabi II, We Tenrisui Arung Cinnotabi III, La Patiroi Arung Cinnotabi IV. After that, both sons of Arung Cinnotabi IV both served as Arung Cinnotabi V, they were La Tenribali and La Tenritippe.
After the collapse of the Cinnotabi kingdom under the reign of Arung Cinnotabi V, the remaining royal officials and the people of Cinnotabi agreed to elect La Tenribali as their new king and established a new kingdom called the kingdom of Wajo. The new king was titled the Batara Wajo. By order, the kingdom of Wajo were led by La Tenribali Batara Wajo I (former Arung Cinnotabi V), then La Mataesso Batara Wajo II and La Pateddungi Batara Wajo III.
During the leadership of La Pateddungi Batara Wajo III, a crisis occurred that ultimately resulted in the death of the king. The power vacuum during that time led to the birth of La Paddeppa agreement which contain the rights of freedom for Wajo. After the birth of the agreement, the title of Wajo kings changed from Batara Wajo to Arung Matowa Wajo. This continues until the end of the kingdom era, when the unitary Republic of Indonesia was formed.
CONFLICT BETWEEN THE KINGDOMS
During the 15th century when the kingdom of Gowa and Bone began to strengthen, and the kingdom of Wajo and Soppeng began to arise, conflicts concerning political and economic domination along the kingdom’s border lines became unavoidable.
At a time when there was chaos in Soppeng, appeared two To Manurung. The first person was a woman known by the name Manurungnge ri Goarie who then ruled Soppeng ri Aja. The second person was a man called La Temmamala Manurungnge ri Sekkanyili who then ruled Soppeng ri Lau. In the end the two kingdoms were united and became the kingdom of Soppeng.
The Kingdom of Wajo
Wajo kingdom rose from the communes that came from different directions, which gathered around the lake of Lampulungeng. The communes were led by someone who had a supernatural ability called Puangnge ri Lampulung. After his passing, the commune moved to Boli and led by someone who also had supernatural abilities.
Some time after, came a prince from the kingdom of Cina (Pammana) called Lapaukke who built the kingdom of Cinnotabi. But after five generations, this kingdom collapsed. Cinnotabi kings were: La Paukke Arung Cinnotabi I, We Panangngareng Arung Cinnotabi II, We Tenrisui Arung Cinnotabi III, La Patiroi Arung Cinnotabi IV. After that, both sons of Arung Cinnotabi IV both served as Arung Cinnotabi V, they were La Tenribali and La Tenritippe.
After the collapse of the Cinnotabi kingdom under the reign of Arung Cinnotabi V, the remaining royal officials and the people of Cinnotabi agreed to elect La Tenribali as their new king and established a new kingdom called the kingdom of Wajo. The new king was titled the Batara Wajo. By order, the kingdom of Wajo were led by La Tenribali Batara Wajo I (former Arung Cinnotabi V), then La Mataesso Batara Wajo II and La Pateddungi Batara Wajo III.
During the leadership of La Pateddungi Batara Wajo III, a crisis occurred that ultimately resulted in the death of the king. The power vacuum during that time led to the birth of La Paddeppa agreement which contain the rights of freedom for Wajo. After the birth of the agreement, the title of Wajo kings changed from Batara Wajo to Arung Matowa Wajo. This continues until the end of the kingdom era, when the unitary Republic of Indonesia was formed.
CONFLICT BETWEEN THE KINGDOMS
During the 15th century when the kingdom of Gowa and Bone began to strengthen, and the kingdom of Wajo and Soppeng began to arise, conflicts concerning political and economic domination along the kingdom’s border lines became unavoidable.
The Bone kingdom expanded its territory and met with the kingdom of Gowa in Bulukumba. While in the northern region, Bone met the Luwu kingdom at the Walennae River. At the same time, the kingdom of Wajo was also gradually expanding throughout the region and the kingdom of Soppeng was expanding to the west up to the Barru area.
The battle between the Luwu kingdom against the Bone kingdom was won by Bone. To maintain its position, the Luwu kingdom built alliances with the Wajo kingdom and then attacked several areas of the Bone kingdom and Sidenreng.
After a while, Luwu’s region was forced
to shift up north and controlled by the Wajo kingdom through conquest and
amalgamation. The Wajo kingdom then came into conflict with the Bone kingdom.
After that, came the invasion of the Gowa kingdom and took control over some areas of the Bone kingdom and conquered the Wajo and Soppeng kingdoms. The kingdom of Bone then formed alliances with Wajo and Soppeng called the "Tellumpoccoe" to counter the hegemony of Gowa.
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| Modern men in traditional Bugis-Makassar warrior outfit |
THE SPREAD OF ISLAM
At the beginning of the 17th century, the Islamic preacher from Minangkabau arrived in South Sulawesi, on the orders of Sultan Iskandar Muda of Aceh. They were Abdul Makmur (Datuk ri Bandang) who Islamize Gowa and Tallo, Suleiman (Datuk Patimang) who spread Islam in Luwu, and Nurdin Ariyani (Datuk ri Tiro) who preached Islam in Bulukumba.
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| Sultan Iskandar Muda of Aceh |
DUTCH COLONIALISM
In the mid-17th century, there was a fierce competition among the kingdom of Gowa with the Vereenigde Oostindische Compagnie (VOC) that led to several battles.
Due to Arumpone’s detention in the kingdom of Gowa, La Tenri Tatta Daeng Serang Arung Palakka (a Bugis man from Bone) took the fight against Gowa. Arung Palakka was supported by the Turatea, a small Makassar kingdom who betrayed the kingdom of Gowa. In Gowa’s side, the king Sultan Hasanuddin was supported by his son in law La Tenri Lai Tosengngeng Arung Matowa Wajo, Maradia Mandar, and Datu Luwu. Devastating war resulted in many casualties on Gowa’s part and its allies. The defeat resulted in the signing of the Bongaya Treaty which was highly detrimental for the kingdom of Gowa .
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La Tenri Tatta Daeng Serang Arung
Palakka
|
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Sultan Hasanuddin
(I Mallombassi Daeng
Mattawang
Karaeng Bontomangape)
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Lapatau’s marriage with the daughter of
Datu Luwu, Datu Soppeng, and the Somba of Gowa is a process of reconciliation
to the conflict in South Sulawesi peninsula.
After the consanguinity there was no longer major war until the year
1905-1906.
After the resistance of Sultan Husain Karaeng Lembang Parang and La Pawawoi Karaeng Segeri Arumpone were defeated, The Bugis and Makassar people fell into the hands of the Dutch colonial.
Due to power vacuum, the Dutch published Veklaring Korte, a short agreement on the appointment of a local king to recover the kingdom which was vacant after the conquest. The Kingdom is no longer sovereign, but merely an extension of the powers of the Dutch East Indies colonial government, which then shifted to the Japanese until the founding of the Republic of Indonesia.
INDEPENDENCE PERIOD
The kings of the archipelago was urge by the Orde Lama government (Soekarno) to dissolve their empire and merged into the Republic of Indonesia.
After the resistance of Sultan Husain Karaeng Lembang Parang and La Pawawoi Karaeng Segeri Arumpone were defeated, The Bugis and Makassar people fell into the hands of the Dutch colonial.
Due to power vacuum, the Dutch published Veklaring Korte, a short agreement on the appointment of a local king to recover the kingdom which was vacant after the conquest. The Kingdom is no longer sovereign, but merely an extension of the powers of the Dutch East Indies colonial government, which then shifted to the Japanese until the founding of the Republic of Indonesia.
INDEPENDENCE PERIOD
The kings of the archipelago was urge by the Orde Lama government (Soekarno) to dissolve their empire and merged into the Republic of Indonesia.
In the 1950s-1960s, Indonesia, especially South Sulawesi, was occupied by rebels. This rebellion resulted in many of the Bugis left their homeland.
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| Ir. Soekarno, First President of Indonesia |
LIVELIHOODS
Bugis communities live in the coastal and fertile lowland areas, and therefore most of them live as farmers and fishermen. Other livelihoods of interest by the Bugis are trade, became bureaucrats in the government and pursue education.
PIRATE
Since the Bongaya Agreement which led to the fall of Makassar into the hands of the Dutch colonial, Bugis people was regarded as an ally of the Dutch government, based in Batavia.
Services provided by Arung Palakka (a Bugis man from Bone) to the Dutch government, led to the Bugis community gain greater freedom of movement. Unfortunately this freedom was misused by some Bugis people to become pirates, disrupting commercial route on the eastern archipelago.
Bugis pirate fleets penetrated the entire Indonesian archipelago. Some entrenched near Samarinda and helped the sultans on the west coast of Borneo with their internal battles. These pirates also infiltrate into the Sultanate of Johor and Malacca, threatens the Dutch fort in Malacca.
Bugis communities live in the coastal and fertile lowland areas, and therefore most of them live as farmers and fishermen. Other livelihoods of interest by the Bugis are trade, became bureaucrats in the government and pursue education.
PIRATE
Since the Bongaya Agreement which led to the fall of Makassar into the hands of the Dutch colonial, Bugis people was regarded as an ally of the Dutch government, based in Batavia.
Services provided by Arung Palakka (a Bugis man from Bone) to the Dutch government, led to the Bugis community gain greater freedom of movement. Unfortunately this freedom was misused by some Bugis people to become pirates, disrupting commercial route on the eastern archipelago.
Bugis pirate fleets penetrated the entire Indonesian archipelago. Some entrenched near Samarinda and helped the sultans on the west coast of Borneo with their internal battles. These pirates also infiltrate into the Sultanate of Johor and Malacca, threatens the Dutch fort in Malacca.
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| Traditional Bugis-Makassar ship called the “Phinisi” |
SOLDIER
OF FORTUNE
Aside from being a pirate, because of the spirit to wander and loyalty to friendship, Bugis people were known as mercenaries.
Prior to the occurrence of open conflict, Bugis people were one of the Dutch’s loyal soldiers. They helped the Netherlands in the pursuit of Trunojoyo in East Java, the conquest of Minangkabau against the Paderi soldiers, as well as helping the European against Ayuthaya in Thailand.
Bugis people were also involved in power struggles and became mercenaries for the Sultanate of Johor, in the event of a power struggle against the Minangkabau’s invasion led by Raja Kecil.
BUGIS OVERSEAS
Bugis expertise in ocean voyages is well known and they have wandered throughout Malaysia, the Philippines, Brunei, Thailand, Australia, Madagascar and South Africa. In fact, on the outskirts of Cape Town, South Africa, there is a residential area named Maccassar, as a sign for local residents to remember their ancestral homeland.
REASON TO WANDERThe conflict between Bugis and Makassar kingdom, as well as conflicts among the Bugis kingdoms in the 16th, 17th, 18th, and 19th century, made the South Sulawesi region unsafe. This caused many Bugis people to migrate, especially for those who lived in the coastal areas. Aside from that, the tradition to wander and driven by the desire for independence also caused this wave of migration. Happiness in Buginese tradition can only be achieved through independence.
Aside from being a pirate, because of the spirit to wander and loyalty to friendship, Bugis people were known as mercenaries.
Prior to the occurrence of open conflict, Bugis people were one of the Dutch’s loyal soldiers. They helped the Netherlands in the pursuit of Trunojoyo in East Java, the conquest of Minangkabau against the Paderi soldiers, as well as helping the European against Ayuthaya in Thailand.
Bugis people were also involved in power struggles and became mercenaries for the Sultanate of Johor, in the event of a power struggle against the Minangkabau’s invasion led by Raja Kecil.
BUGIS OVERSEAS
Bugis expertise in ocean voyages is well known and they have wandered throughout Malaysia, the Philippines, Brunei, Thailand, Australia, Madagascar and South Africa. In fact, on the outskirts of Cape Town, South Africa, there is a residential area named Maccassar, as a sign for local residents to remember their ancestral homeland.
REASON TO WANDERThe conflict between Bugis and Makassar kingdom, as well as conflicts among the Bugis kingdoms in the 16th, 17th, 18th, and 19th century, made the South Sulawesi region unsafe. This caused many Bugis people to migrate, especially for those who lived in the coastal areas. Aside from that, the tradition to wander and driven by the desire for independence also caused this wave of migration. Happiness in Buginese tradition can only be achieved through independence.
BUGIS IN EAST KALIMANTAN
Some Bugis people from Wajo (whom at the time was under the kingdom of Gowa) who would not submissive and obedient to the Bongaya Agreement, continued the guerrilla struggle and resistance against the Dutch. Some of them migrated to other islands such as to the Kutai Sultanate regions. They were the group led by Lamohang Daeng Mangkona (titled the first Pua Ado). Their arrival was welcomed by the Sultan of Kutai.
Through agreement with the Sultan of Kutai, the group was given a location to settle around the village of Melantai, low-lying areas that are good for farming, fisheries and trade. But according to the agreement, the Bugis people must help the interest of the Sultan of Kutai, especially when facing the enemies.
The followers of Lamohang Daeng Mangkona chose the area around Muara Karang Mumus (an area around Selili Seberang) but this region caused difficulties in shipping because the fast-flowing water that forms a vortex and there were a lot of debris in the river.
BUGIS IN SUMATRA AND IN MALAYSIAN PENINSULA
After the VOC conquest the kingdom of Gowa in the mid-17th century, many Malay and Minangkabau people who had previously held positions in the kingdom of Gowa, along with other Bugis people, left Sulawesi and head to the Malaysian ground. There they became involved in the Malayan kingdoms political struggles. Until today there are many kings in Johor who is a Makassar descendant.
References
1. ^ Indonesia's Population: Ethnicity and Religion in a Changing Political Landscape. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. 13 September 2003. ISBN 9812302123.
2. ^ http://www.rajaalihaji.com/id/article.php?a=YURIL3c%3D= Situs Raja Ali Haji
3. ^ Naim, Mochtar. Merantau.
4. ^ Vlekke, Bernard H.M.. Nusantara Sejarah Indonesia. Jakarta: Kepustakaan Populer Gramedia. hlm. 263.
5. ^ Vlekke, Bernard H.M.. Nusantara Sejarah Indonesia. Jakarta: Kepustakaan Populer Gramedia. hlm. 200.
6. Wikipedia bahasa Indonesia, ensiklopedia bebas
1. ^ Indonesia's Population: Ethnicity and Religion in a Changing Political Landscape. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. 13 September 2003. ISBN 9812302123.
2. ^ http://www.rajaalihaji.com/id/article.php?a=YURIL3c%3D= Situs Raja Ali Haji
3. ^ Naim, Mochtar. Merantau.
4. ^ Vlekke, Bernard H.M.. Nusantara Sejarah Indonesia. Jakarta: Kepustakaan Populer Gramedia. hlm. 263.
5. ^ Vlekke, Bernard H.M.. Nusantara Sejarah Indonesia. Jakarta: Kepustakaan Populer Gramedia. hlm. 200.
6. Wikipedia bahasa Indonesia, ensiklopedia bebas
Makassar in Cape Town is named after One of the founders of Islam in South Africa - the great sheikh Yusuf from Makassar who on returning from his studies in Mecca married the daughter of Sultan Ageng of Bantam.The sultan's son conspired with the Dutch to overthrow his father and Sheikh Yusuf fought on the side of his father-in-law, the Sultan. He was eventually captured by the Dutch and imprisoned in Jakarta but was considered too dangerous and wss exiled to Cape Town (a Dutch Colony then) alongwith his wives and servants. His tomb is still there in Makassar, Cape Town. He is highly revered amongst the Muslims of all ethnic backgrounds in South Africa.
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